Many Africans were forcibly displaced from their ancestral lands by the Germans and forced to dig lime or carry stones to construct the fort. Set on a rise overlooking the plains, the fortress-like building dominated the surrounding landscape" complete with a machine gun. : page 113 "The boma was a solid statement, meant to impress German moral and political order on the surrounding countryside. The Germans established a permanent presence in 1900 when a military fort (a boma) was built and soldiers were garrisoned there. : page 113Īrusha was conquered by the Germans in 1896 after the murder of the first two missionaries who attempted to settle on nearby Mount Meru. : page 112 Although not yet a town, it was a regional centre with a number of urban features. Demand for Arusha's foodstuffs increased substantially during the 1860s when the Pangani Valley trade route was extended through Old Moshi, Arusha, and ultimately to western Kenya. : page 112 They traded grains, honey, beer, and tobacco with the pastoral Kisongo Maasai in exchange for livestock, milk, meat, and skins. The current site of Arusha was first settled in the 1830s by the agro-pastoral Arusha Maasai from the Arusha Chini community, south of Mount Kilimanjaro. The Arusha clock tower in the Central Business Area of Arusha City, 2005. Religions of the Arusha city population include Christianity, Islam, Sikhism and Hinduism. It is a multicultural city with a majority Tanzanian population of mixed backgrounds: indigenous African, Arab-Tanzanian and Indian-Tanzanian population, plus a small European and North American minority population. From 1994 to 2015, the city also hosted the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, but that entity has ceased operations. It hosts the African Court of the African Union and is the capital of the East African Community.
The city is a major international diplomatic hub.
The city is close to the Serengeti National Park, the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Lake Manyara National Park, Olduvai Gorge, Tarangire National Park, Mount Kilimanjaro, and Mount Meru in the Arusha National Park. Located below Mount Meru on the eastern edge of the eastern branch of the Great Rift Valley, Arusha City has a temperate climate. Arusha City is a Tanzanian city and the regional capital of the Arusha Region, with a population of 416,442 plus 323,198 in the surrounding Arusha District Council (2012 census).
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